Date | Significant Events in Adventure Programming that influenced the beginning of adventure therapy | Source |
|
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle identified virtues
as the key qualities for youth in society. Virtues were best gained by
direct or purposeful experience where youth were impelled into action by
taking risks. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
(1592 - 1670) |
Comenius emphasized sensory awareness for learning. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
(1712 - 1778) |
Rousseau emphasized learning through and about
nature. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
(1746 - 1827) |
Pestalozzi emphasized practice to learn the sensible
skills. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1861 |
Gunnery
School (CT) adds 40 mile camping trip to its curriculum. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1900 |
Baden
Powell and Scouting in UK. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1900 |
William James' pragmatism (the value of experience is
measured by the learning that arises from the actions and consequences of
the active experience) and his virtuous moral equivalent of war (1949)! |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1902 |
Laura
Mattoon takes girl's school group on wilderness expedition. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1906 |
Kurt Hahn
"Uber Erhieburg" |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1920 |
Kurt
Hahn founded Salem Schule (peace school) with Prince Max of Baden and Karl
Reinhard. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1924 |
ACA:
American Camping Association created by merging several camping
organizations. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1927 |
Life
Camps directed by L.B. Sharp offers camping education in the natural
environment. |
|
1934 |
Kurt
Hahn founded Gordonstoun (abandoned Scottish castle) in the UK after
leaving Germany. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1938 |
Dewey's
two principles of interaction (balancing conditions to optimize learning)
and continuity (the contribution of the experience to generalized future
learning). |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1940 |
National
Camp for training camping leaders in methods of "nature
recreation" (Bill Vinal). |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1941 |
Kurt
Hahn founded Outward Bound in Aberdovey, Wales with Lawrence Holt and Jim
Hogan. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1946 |
Brathay
Hall Trust in UK. |
http://www.brathay.org.uk/youth/youthhome.html
|
1950 |
Whitehall
Open Country Pursuits Centre in UK (first LEA center). |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1950 |
Second
OB school opens in Eskdale Green, England. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1951 |
First OB
programming for women |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1958 |
First OB
school outside the UK in Lumut, Malaysia. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1962 |
First
American OB school in Marble, Colorado. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1965 |
NOLS:
National Outdoor Leadership School (Paul Petzoldt was to have been the
Wyoming OB School for leadership training in 1963). |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1971 |
PA:
Project Adventure founded (to integrate OB concepts into schools). |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1974 |
First
"Outdoor Pursuits in Higher Education" conference. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1975 |
Groome Disgle
founded The Outdoor Pursuits Centre of New Zealand |
|
1977 |
AEE:
Association for Experiential Education formed. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1977 |
WEA:
Wilderness Education Association formed |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1980 |
Outdoor
training advisory founded in New Zealand. Closed a few years later. |
|
1984 |
"Accepted
Peer Practices in Adventure Programming" published. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1985 |
Outdoor
Instructors Association founded in New Zealand |
|
1987 |
"Common
Practices for Adventure Programming" published. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1989 |
National
Curriculum Outdoor Adventure activities |
|
1990 |
"Safety
Practices in Adventure Programming" published. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1993 |
"Manual
of Accreditation Standards for Adventure Programs" published. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
1993 |
ACCT:
Association of Challenge Course Technology formed. |
|
1991 |
University of Oregon. Therapeutic outdoor recreation
program eliminated. |
|
1995 |
Lynne Bay
canoeing tragedy precipitates over haul of adventure programs in United
Kingdom. |
|
1996 |
Play for
Peace created. |
cited in Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999) Adventure Programming |
Reference List
Davis-Berman, J & Berman, D.S.(1994) Chapter 3: Early Wilderness Programs Wilderness Therapy: Foundations, Theory & Research Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing
Gass, Michael A., (January 1993) Adventure Therapy : Therapeutic Applications of Adventure Programming. Dubuque Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company
Gillis, H. L. (1992). Therapeutic Uses of Adventure-Challenge-Outdoor-Wilderness: Theory and Research. Paper presented at the Coalition for Education in the Outdoors Research Symposium Proceedings, Bradford Woods, Indiana.
Gillis, H.L (1998). The journey in Oz: From activity-based psychotherapy to adventure therapy. In C.M. Itin (Ed) Exploring the Boundaries of Adventure Therapy International Perspectives: Proceedings of the 1st International Adventure Therapy Conference, Perth Australia
Gillis, H.L. & Thomsen, D. (1996). A Research Update (1992 - 1995) of Adventure Therapy: Challenge Activities and Ropes Courses, Wilderness Expeditions, & Residential Camping Programs. Martinsville, IN: Bradford Woods, Indiana University: Coalition for Education in the Outdoors Symposium Proceedings
Miles, J.C. & Priest, S. (1999). Adventure Programming. Venture Publishing.
Priest, S. & Gass, M. (1999) Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming. Human Kinetics Publishing.
Schoel, J., Prouty, D., Radcliffe, P. (1988) Islands of Healing : A Guide to Adventure Based Counseling. Hamilton, MA: Project Adventure, Inc.